#nonconformist muslims

[belamuse]

Saint Sinéad

Shuhada, May you fly free.

“Children say that people are hung sometimes for speaking the truth.” Joan of Arc, 1400s

“Put your fucking seatbelts on ’cause I haven’t finished yet.” Sinéad O’Connor, SPIN 1992

Singer. Banshee. Advocate. Priest. Theologian. Mother. Bold. Brave. Muslim. Life-long nonconformist. Feminist. Human.

I’ll never forget the SNL episode when she tore the pope’s photo in half after singing Bob Marley’s War. No one did that. No one was brave enough to speak truth like that.

I bought combat boots that year and later wore them out walking all over town during the national changes in 1992. Inspired to be a social sciences major and music minor because of the spirit of the revolutionaries, from the 1800’s and 1900’s—youth, women, men, poets, writers, the truth tellers, the artists and musicians who spoke truth- real truth- against hypocrisy, against insanity, against a system that would kill them or exile them for having the audacity to speak truth. To be a free thinker.

I thought the most incredible destiny at the time was creating art because of and despite the insanity of the lies, the struggle of the human condition. And the journey of the one, the artist inside a collective sea, despite and because of persecution or being gaslit, silenced and all manner of atrocity, yet living on through and beyond. Their art, an eternal message of possibility, freedom and hope.

I’ve been reading a slew of articles that paint Sinéad’s portrait and highlight the spectrum of her human journey through her music, political activism, mental illness, motherhood and spiritual truth finding. She journeyed deep and wide, high and low. She was that destiny, not ego in the harmful sense, Artist. She was not going to change or be what the industry wanted her to be. Her music, her songs lifted up so many of us— the voiceless, the broken, the afraid, the confused, the troubled. She gave feelings and words to millions. She was an angel and a waif, a punk and a rebel, a truth teller and her own wild wolf. She howled and gave us permission to feed and feel the moon.

She was unapologetic. She did not care that what she said or did for the sake of truth and freedom, impacted the socially constructed ideas of what fame or fortune in the music industry are supposed to looks like. That they impacted her musical ‘career’ as the industry explains it, mattered not. Sinéad was a woman of her own making.

“I didn’t have time to think about [becoming famous] before it happened,” she says. “I was singing in clubs and pubs, pubs and clubs… I was just singing for the sake of singing, ‘cause I had shit to get off my chest. I feel like that’s the only reason really [for anyone] to make an album is because they’ll go so fucking crazy if they don’t. If you’re making an album for any other reason you shouldn’t be fucking making it.”

I played her albums on repeat. Some songs and albums more than others, through my youth.

“When I sing, it’s the most solitary state: just me, and the microphone, and the holy spirit. It’s not about notes or scales, it’s all about emotion.”

I cut my hair short. Swore off my insecure, boy-crazy teenage low self esteem superficiality. There was Pre-Revolutionary Angie and then Post-Revolutionary Angie. Like Baba Yaga said, to know too much is to grow too old too soon. I saw too much about the human condition, the cost of freedom and it’s opposite on the human psyche, felt and saw one world dying and another world rising— a world that was being made a golden child— Capitalism! And all I could see and smell was lies and hypocrisy. Yes some of the old needed to die, but some of the soul of the old was being raped by the dollar and that seemed insane to me. I didn’t know how to put in in words or digest it. It was a bone to choke on.

I was only a kid. I struggled mentally with anxiety and depression. An awakening of sorts. But no bearings back home to make sense of it. Sinéad’s music and Russian literature, poetry and music of the revolutions of old helped tremendously during that time. Dr. Zhivago. The Master and Marharita. Anna Akhmatova. Learning about the artist/writer and the struggle for freedom amidst censorship and death. Life, the world didn’t make sense. All the things that didn’t make sense about being a girl becoming a woman, American capitalism, not speaking truth, following social norms, political bullshit, pretense, Beverly Hills 90210 and Melrose place… I rejected all of it. Mostly quietly, silently. While imploding inwards on myself because I didn’t understand transition or how to wake up fully boldly inside of it. Mental breakdown was the label that made sense. Yet it was more, it was that so much of the system was insane. So much of the conditions the inheritance the American myth the gender this and that —-it was insane.

Sinead was like a beacon of sanity amidst all that nonsense. They said she struggled with mental illness too, but she didn’t shut up. Did she have mental illness or did she grow up into a world that was completely entirely a nut job. Sometimes it’s a both and but sometimes the mental illness is the result of being fed insanity.

She didn’t stop saying through music what needed to be said. It was felt through my pores even if I wasn’t fully listening to the words. I freakin loved her. I cried to her songs. They resurrected me.

“Whatever it may bring

I will live by my own policies

I will sleep with a clear conscience

I will sleep in peace

Maybe it sounds mean

But I really don't think so

You asked for the truth and I told you

Through their own words

They will be exposed

They've got a severe case of

The emperor's new clothes

The emperor's new clothes

The emperor's new clothes

The emperor's new clothes”

Sinéad had a hard life. A difficult insane mother. A fucked up religion with its Massoleum of ghosts and secrets. She fought hard against child abuse, sexual abuse, hypocritical lies in the name of god and more. She became a priest. And she sang her own songs in her own way. In one interview decades ago, she said she thought Americans were wussies and needed to be more brave and speak out more against the lies and injustices. She was changed by motherhood. She lived through the painful suicide of one of her beloved children. That changed her. Some stories break you harder. And some stories don’t have a medicine that makes the pain go away.

She converted to Islam and changed her name several times. She took on the Muslim name Shuhada' Davitt – later changing it to Shuhada Sadaqat – but continued to use the name Sinéad O'Connor professionally. Shuhada means martyr.

From what I understand, Islam was the culmination of her spiritual journey as a theologian. She felt home inside of it. She found contentment.

“I never made sense to anyone, even myself, unless I was singing. But I hope this book makes sense. If not, maybe try singing it and see if that helps.”

I haven’t yet read her memoir. I somehow forgot about her in my 30’s and as I lost touch, I didn’t pay to much attention to her music. Her death wakes me up to her story, to my story, to our story of waking up inside a machine, waking up to truth, to life/death/life. May she fly free. May her passing be a wave of wakefulness over our heads, reminding us to be more bold. More truthful. More real.

And lastly, Shuhada… May the words of the great truth teller Pasternak carry you into the arms of Allah and beyond.

“And now listen carefully. You in others-this is your soul. This is what you are. This is what your consciousness has breathed and lived on and enjoyed throughout your life-your soul, your immortality, your life in others. And what now? You have always been in others and you will remain in others. And what does it matter to you if later on that is called your memory? This will be you-the you that enters the future and becomes a part of it.”

Boris Pasternak, Doctor Zhivago

[islamic-methodologies-made-easy]

Towards the end of the first century A.H., all of the companions had departed except one or two. Their students were scattered all around in many countries extending from India in the east to Spain in the west. Scholars in major cities were mainly following the teachings and opinions of the most knowledgeable companions who lived and taught in their cities. Some scholars traveled to the famous learning centers (Makkah, Madinah, Kufa, and Basra) seeking to learn from the followers living there. Later on, they returned to their homelands and transferred the knowledge they acquired. The end product was a huge scattered unclassified compilation of prophetic traditions, alongside explanations and opinions given by the companions and their students from the 2nd generation. Many discussions were made about all sorts of things: verses from the Qur’an, prophetic traditions, rituals and rites, obligations and prohibitions, spiritualties and materialism, and finally, the creed of faith. It was during one of the lessons given by Al-Hassan Al-Basry that one of his students debated with him about the Muslim who commits major sins (i.e. Adultery, backbiting, etc.), whether he or she should be considered a Muslim or not, and whether he shall be admitted into heaven or not. Al-Hassan saw that this person is still a Muslim and shall be recompensed according to all of his or her deeds, the good ones and the bad; if Allah wills, He shall forgive him, and if He wills, He shall punish him and later on admit him into heaven for being a believer. The student whose name was Wāsel Ibn ‘Ata’ (80-131 A.H.), rejected this opinion and said that the Muslim who commits major sins is a dissolute, he is neither a Muslim who has sincerely submitted to Allah nor a non-Muslim who disbelieved in Allah, but in a middle rank between having faith and disbelief; if he or she dies without sincere repentance, then he shall be admitted into the hellfire and shall never be forgiven. After rejecting his opinion, Wāsel retired from Al-Hassan’s educational class, and formed a group along with those who accepted his creedal views. They were called “The Nonconformists” (Al-Mu‘tazilah). Their creedal opinions were later on highly accepted by many Muslim scholars, and became the officially adopted opinion of the state during the first century of the ‘Abbāsid Caliphate. Meanwhile, with the rapid increase in the numbers of Muslims, the issues and questions about the Islamic rituals and the daily life practices increased. Whenever the need for advisory opinions from well learned jurists increased, the people sought the most notable and promising scholar in their city. Families started sending their children to learn about Islam at scholars’ hands; consequently, coteries started to form and grow inside almost every Islamic city. These coteries grew into communities, and the fame they scored depended on the number of their members and their efforts in spreading the opinions they learned from their Imams. Now the evolution of different schools of thought (Madhāheb fiqheyah) was something inevitable. Before the middle of the 2nd century, several schools of thought had already been formed by the intelligent scholars of the 4th generation. Among them are: 1. The school of Imam Abu Hanifah (80-150 A.H.) was domineering in Kufa. 2. The school of Imam Mālek Ibn Anas (93-179 A.H.) in Madinah. 3. The school of Imam Al-Awza‘i (87-157 A.H.) in Sham. 4. The school of Imam Al-Layth Ibn Sa‘d (94-175 A.H.) in Egypt. Other schools of thought were formed during that time but they didn’t have a huge number of followers and were never domineering. E.g., the school of Imam Zayd Ibn ‘Ali (76-122 A.H.), and the school of Imam Sufyan Ath-Thawri (97-161 A.H.).

[lovemesomesurveys]

Thought I Couldn't Top It, Huh? OVER 2000 Questions! (Truly the Longest!) Created by distortedcognition

Part 9

.x.Currently.x. What are you feeling? Tired and kinda hungry. Smelling? Whatever my brother just made for lunch. Seeing? This. Hearing? Gilmore Girls. Doing? This, watching Gilmore Girls, and enjoying an apple crisp macchiato.  Who are you talking to online? No one. On the phone? No one. What room of the house are you in? I’m in my room.  Are you cold? No. Bored? Eh, I’m okay right now. Warm? I’m content at the moment.

Hot? ^^^ Do you look nice? No. What are you wearing? I’m wearing Adidas shorts and a black shirt with grumpy bear (the Care Bear) on it holding a cup of coffee. Are you eating anything? No. Drinking anything? Yeah, that apple crisp macchiato I mentioned. BMI? I don’t know. What brand of shoes are you wearing? I’m not wearing shoes at the moment. What are you wishing for? I’m hoping the weather starts to cool down soon. What are you worried about? I’m always worried about health related stuff. Sad about? I’m just a sad, sleepy, sensitive soul. Happy about? Nothing. Angry about? Nothing at this moment. Serious about? My current and ongoing situation. Laughing about? Nothing. Talking about? Nothing. Typing about? These answers. Are you IMing anyone? Nope. .o.Friends.o. Who are your friends? I don’t have any. Your best friends? Who do you hang out with most? Who do you treat the best? Who treats you the best? Do you even have friends? Nope. If so, why are you taking this survey? This is just one little section of a long survey, it’s fine to skip over it.  

The smart one? The depressed one? The punk? The goth? The prep? The jock? The outcast? The stupid one? The one who you think will kill someone one day? The annoying one? The hyper one? The oblivious one? The romantic? The content one? The pervert? The liar? The cheapskate? The ominous one? The disrespectful one? The abusive one? The hot one? The ugly one? The one that hates you? The one you hate but hang out with anyway? The back-up one? The fighter? The lover? The hippie? The druggie? The alcoholic? The one that is most likely to be in jail? The most likely to be murdered? The most likely to be committed to a mental hospital? The most likely to stay there forever? The normal one? The conformist? The nonconformist? The masochistic one? The sadistic one? The weird one? The musical one? The artistic one? The perfect one? The literary genius? The fugitive? The juvenille delinquint? The Jewish one? The Christian one? The Buddhist one? The Muslim one? The Hindu one? The Catholic one? The Wiccan one? The atheist? The agnostic? The cutter? The anorexic one? The bulimic one? The skinny one? The thin one? The fat one? The obese one? The Satanic one?

[dry-valleys]

NATION SHALL SPEAK PEACE UNTO NATION

THEY SHALL BEAT THEIR SWORDS INTO PLOUGHSHARES

HOPE THROUGH RECONCILIATION

FORGIVENESS THROUGH UNDERSTANDING

PEACE

St Paul, Bedford has been a site of Christian worship for more than a millenium and it’s believed that the great King Offa of Mercia built a church here, and was buried here on his death in 796; it’s certain that he ordered the new town created near the frontier of his kingdom and the then-foreign land of Wessex.

Bedford has, for the reasons Offa identified, long been a strategically important place as it was for centuries a frontier town, between Wessex and Mercia and between the lands still held by Anglo-Saxons and those conquered by heathen Danes, who destroyed the church in 1009 (it has been through many iterations, and this one, now Grade I listed, mainly dates from the 13th century).

Bedford’s position on the navigable Great Ouse river (now a very enjoyable walking path which I’ll discuss next time) has ensured a town that prospered, when not being attacked, and on the arrival of the Normans in 1066 they were keen to rebuild the church destroyed in 1009 and more was added each century, though the bulk of the work was done in the 13th century.

The church and town benefited from the tireless work of William and Alice Harpur. William (1496-1574), a local man of humble origins, made a fortune as  a London businessman and Lord Mayor of London and endowed the church and several schools, some of which are still here and run by the Harpur Trust.

Saint Paul’s, by now part of a thriving town. attracted many great preachers; John Bunyan, a famous son of the town (please visit his museum) preached here in 1656, though his subsequent career shows that the Anglican church certainly didn’t command everybody’s loyalty.

Bunyan had fought for Parliament in the Civil Wars so was out of favour with the regime of Charles II, was arrested in 1660- the same year in which Charles had come to the throne- for holding a service not according to Anglican rites (this was actually a criminal offence at the time according to the Conventicle Act of 1593) and, what I find remarkable, wrote the joyful Grace Abounding in 1666, at a time when he had been in Bedford Gaol for six years and expected to die there.

Bunyan was unexpectedly released in 1672 and after the rough and ready settlement thrashed out in 1688-9, nonconformists enjoyed toleration, though Bunyan himself died in 1688. Though nonconfromist chapels were tolerated, and there were many such in Bedford, Saint Paul’s continued to be the main church in town, John Wesley appearing here in 1758.

Another famous Bedfordian was John Howard, originally from London, who in 1742 inherited an estate in Bedfordshire and in 1773 became High Sherriff of Bedfordshire, pioneering reforms of the savage ‘justice’ system of the time; (2), designed by Alfred Gilbert and unveiled in 1890, commemorates him. (John Bunyan could have done with such a helper at the time, especially since Howard was also a nonconformist, but found none, though his faith consoled him presumably).

In the 19th century St Paul’s became part of the Anglo-Catholic movement, which I myself favour, and served the town which sadly faced a flareup of that trouble it had had since long before 1009.

In World War 1 (10 being the war memorial, Grade II listed and designed by Charles Sergeant Jagger in 1922)  thousand of Scottish soldiers were quartered on Bedford, 22000 Scottish soldiers descending on a town of 39000 (the 2011 census showed there to be 87590 Bedfordians and there are at least two more now as my brother and sister in law have recently moved there).

From the Bedfordshire Regiment a remarkable 6081 men perished in World War 1, 1074 in World War 2. This concentrated minds and on September 7 1941, a National Day of Prayer was held (I’d actually never heard of that until today!) and at St Paul’s, the Anglican archbishops of York and Canterbury appeared in a show of anti-fascist unity with Catholic cardinal Arthur Hinsley.

There were many other ways in which Bedford and its main church contributed to the war effort; in 1941, due to too high a risk of bombs falling on London, the BBC’s Daily Service was moved here and for the duration of the war, spiritual messages were sent to the nation and the world from (8) the quiet, close Trinity Chapel (there was actually an antiques fair going on in the rest of the church, and I apologise that I couldn’t fully edit it out).

This shows what Saint Paul has to offer everybody, not just Anglicans but the many Catholics, Muslims, atheists and others who were attracted to postwar industries such as Bedford Brickworks, which ran from 1897 to 2008 and was a vast employer whose labour shortages after 1945 led to great numbers of Italians, people from the Commonwealth, and others moving here.

 My brother and sister-in-law moved here in August, the latest to come to what is a thriving market town (2 is intentional, showing that the church has always stood in the heart of the town)- being next door to a market is nothing new though I could have done without the antiques fair.

The church underpins Bedford and serves all residents including those who aren’t members, all of whom have a stake in a town which I look forward to revisiting.

[americanmuslimtoday]

Muslim Americans news

 The latest breaking news, comment and features from The Independent. Muslim Americans news, News on American Muslims, Islam in the United States, American Muslims in the United States. Read the latest Islam headlines, on Americanmuslimtoday: the one-stop shop for Islamic news in america. Visit here for More info- https://americanmuslimtoday.com

Muslims are the fastest-growing religious group in the world. Here are answers to some key questions about their public opinions, Growing muslim philanthropy Ramadan, Metro area Muslims give back for Ramadan, Growing muslim philanthropy, demographics and more. The University Muslim Medical Association, for instance, is a free medical services facility in Los Angeles established in 1992 by American Muslim understudies at UCLA and Charles Drew University to serve a various downtown network. The Inner City Muslim Action Network (IMAN) is a network based non-benefit framed in 1995 by American Muslim understudies, network occupants and pioneers to address downtown destitution and relinquishment in the more prominent Chicago zone. IMAN conveys a wide scope of administrations, including a wellbeing center giving free medical care and backing administrations to the uninsured populace on Chicago's Southwest Side. Numerous other American Muslim establishments are effectively occupied with magnanimous giving, instructive projects, interfaith effort, medical care, municipal commitment, governmental issues and the media. So, American Muslims and the associations they make are important for the texture of American public life.

Is Islam a political development?

No. Islam is a strict convention, and disciples to Islam are called Muslim. Obviously, American Muslims, similar to Americans from different strict gatherings, partake in American political life. American Muslim democratic examples for the most part reflect the more extensive American populace. American Muslims are Republicans, Democrats, Libertarians, nonconformists and preservationists. There is nobody political stage or plan for the individuals who practice the religion of Islam in the United States.

Have American Muslim pioneers stood in opposition to fanatic brutality?

Indeed. Numerous American Muslim pioneers and associations have consistently condemned radical viciousness in the most grounded potential terms. Of the numerous announcements and activities taken by American Muslims to denounce and counter psychological oppression, the fatwa (strict decision) from the Fiqh Council of North America (an Islamic juristic body) catches the perspectives on by far most of American Muslims: "Islam carefully denounces strict fanaticism and the utilization of viciousness against honest lives. There is no defense in Islam for radicalism or psychological oppression." The Fiqh Council of North America's announcement insists the accompanying Islamic standards:

"[1] All demonstrations of illegal intimidation, including those focusing on the life and property of regular folks, regardless of whether executed by self-destructive or some other type of assaults, are haram (prohibited) in Islam.

[2] It is haram (taboo) for a Muslim to help out any individual or gathering that is engaged with any demonstration of psychological warfare or disallowed brutality.

[3] It is the urban and strict obligation of Muslims to attempt full measures to secure the lives, everything being equal, and guarantee the security and prosperity of individual residents."

A far reaching assortment of judgments of psychological oppression and radicalism by American Muslims, including philosophical contentions, might be found on The American Muslim, a distribution that has been giving data about the American Muslim people group since 1998. Americanmuslimtoday

Are American Muslims worried about fanatic savagery in the United States?

Truly. Most American Muslims, as most different Americans, are profoundly worried about the issue of fanatic savagery submitted for the sake of Islam. As per the most dependable information we have, the lion's share of American Muslims is all around incorporated into American culture and reports crime. Over the previous decade, 40% of homegrown illegal intimidation plots have been revealed or deflected with help from American Muslims.3 American muslim today, First Muslim American state, First Muslim Chaplain, New York City Muslims work, Muslims give back, Muslims Resolved To Give Back, Muslim mental wellness, Growing muslim philanthropy Ramadan, Metro area Muslims give back for Ramadan, Growing muslim philanthropy, News about Muslim Americans, latest news on American Muslims, Muslim Americans news, News on American Muslims, Islam in the United States, American Muslims in the United States, American muslim today news, American Islam news today, Islamic news in america, News About Islam in America, American breaking news on islam, American breaking news on Muslims, American news on Muslims, American live on Muslims, Muslim news in america today

Do American Muslim pioneers uphold opportunity of articulation and strict freedom?

Indeed. Numerous American Muslim pioneers, instructive foundations and support bunches have over and again stood up for opportunity of articulation and are effectively engaged with advancing strict freedom for all individuals both in the United States and abroad.

An ongoing explanation marked by around 200 American and Canadian Muslim pioneers unequivocally censured "any terrorizing or dangers of savagery coordinated against any individual or gathering practicing the privileges of opportunity of religion and discourse; in any event, when that discourse might be seen as harmful or inexcusable."

[thisdaynews]

BREAKING:CSO calls on ICC to arrest, investigate Gen Burutai over alleged human rights abuses

New Post has been published on https://thebiafrastar.com/breakingcso-calls-on-icc-to-arrest-investigate-gen-burutai-over-alleged-human-rights-abuses/

BREAKING:CSO calls on ICC to arrest, investigate Gen Burutai over alleged human rights abuses

A Civil Society Organization, Concerned Nigerians, CN, Thursday, approached the International Criminal Court, ICC, to explore, capture and indict previous Chief of Army Staff, Lieutenant General Tukur Buratai (Rtd), over supposed denials of basic liberties while serving in the Nigerian military as Chief of Army Staff.

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This was contained in a letter endorsed by the Convener, Comrade Deji Adeyanju, with the subject, ‘A Call for the Investigation and Arrest of Tukur Buratai’ and routed to Chief Prosecutor, Office of the Prosecutor, International Criminal Court, The Hague, The Netherlands, Mrs Fatou Bensouda, which President Muhammadu Buhari was replicated.

The gathering claimed that in 2015, Gen Buratai requested individuals from the Nigerian armed force to murder more than 300 exposed Nigerian Shiite Muslims; requested the Nigerian fighters to execute many Nigerian residents of South-Eastern extraction, in the pretense of looking for individuals from the Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB); and by and by requested the slaughtering of the guiltless nonconformists at Lekki cost entryway, Lagos, on October 20, 2020.

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Some portion of the letter peruses, “We write to approach the International Criminal Court and all admirers of majority rule government and common freedoms on the planet to promptly explore, capture and arraign Lieutenant General Buratai (Rtd) who was simply assuaged of his obligation as Chief of Army Staff for violations against mankind and the Nigerian public.

“It will be reviewed that occasionally in 2015, Lieutenant General Buratai (Rtd) requested individuals from the Nigerian armed force to slaughter more than 300 helpless Nigerian Shiite Muslims on the outlandish ground that they “contacted an overall’s chest”. “That occasion has been suitably labeled the Zaira slaughter and it has additionally demolished the instability circumstance in Nigeria. Presently, Lieutenant Buratai (Rtd) requested the Nigerian fighters to execute many Nigerian residents of South-Eastern extraction, in the appearance of looking for individuals from the Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB).

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“It is especially imperative to specify that as at the time Lieutenant General Buratai (Rtd) requested the slaughter of IPOB individuals, the gathering had not been prohibited by the Nigeria Government. “Also, we have had the option to accumulate from various autonomous sources, that Lieutenant General Buratai (Rtd) by and by requested the murdering of the guiltless nonconformists at Lekki cost entryway, Lagos, on October 20, 2020.” The letter closed by pointing that it will, “Fill in as an obstruction to individuals from the Nigerian Armed Forces and their non military personnel partners who have made it a state of obligation to unpredictably mishandle residents’ common liberties.”

SOURCES:Vanguard News Nigeria

[writingpromptsbot]

The protagonist is a nonconformist brewer. The antagonist is a Muslim man.

[ericfruits]

King Abdullah of Jordan fears that old allies are ditching him

“WE ARE ALL King Abdullah.” So said the official campaign to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the king’s accession to the throne in Jordan. But the turnout on February 7th suggested that few agreed with the sentiment. Even trays heaped with mansaf, lamb stewed in yogurt, could not rouse large crowds. Two months later the World Economic Forum on the Middle East and North Africa, held on the Dead Sea in Jordan, also failed to attract the desired audience of global bigwigs. At home and abroad, says a former official, “the king is losing his prestige.”

Other Middle Eastern countries have oil. Jordan has location. It sits at a strategic crossroads, so the West and regional powers have long valued its stability. During the cold war Jordan served as a reliable and moderate Western ally when other Arab states turned to the Soviet Union. It acted as a conduit to next-door Israel, with which it has a peace treaty, when others shunned the Jewish state. America used Jordanian territory to launch special forces into Iraq and as a base from which to co-ordinate rebels in Syria’s civil war.

The dispensable kingdom

In this section

Today, though, Jordan doesn’t seem so essential. Many Arab states now deal directly with Israel. Some of them are upset with King Adbullah (pictured) for not toeing the line on regional matters. He has maintained relations with Qatar, which has been ostracised by other Gulf states, and backed away from the war in Yemen led by Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). He is seen as soft on the Muslim Brotherhood, an Islamist group that operates in Jordan but is banned elsewhere. The king has even shaken hands with Hassan Rouhani, the president of Iran, which is hated by big Arab powers.

As it pulls troops out of the region, America is also losing interest in Jordan. King Abdullah moans that the administration of Donald Trump is ignoring him as it draws up a peace plan for Israel and the Palestinians. The king fears that he will be pushed to provide a permanent home for millions of Palestinians, who are the majority in Jordan, making it the de facto Palestinian state. The king also worries that the plan will ignore his historical claim to custodianship of Jerusalem’s holy places or give countries that support Mr Trump, such as Saudi Arabia, a role in the city.

America, Saudi Arabia and the UAE can put pressure on Jordan by withholding aid. America gives it over $1bn each year, around 2.5% of GDP. The Gulf states injected billions more into Jordan during and after the Arab spring. But Saudi Arabia did not renew its aid package in 2017, a move that Jordanian officials viewed as punishment for their nonconformist policies. Months later King Abdullah said he faced economic pressure to tone down his opposition to Mr Trump’s recognition of Jerusalem as Israel’s capital. As Jordan faced an economic crisis last year, the Gulf states (including Saudi Arabia) promised $2.5bn, mainly in the form of loans. Only a fraction of the cash has been transferred so far.

King Abdullah needs the help. Millions of Palestinian, Iraqi and Syrian refugees have sought shelter in Jordan, a burden it cannot afford, says the king. Public debt equals 95% of annual GDP. The government has cut subsidies and raised taxes, pushing prices higher. Over a million of Jordan’s 10m people are poor. Youth unemployment stands at 41%. Such is the demand for jobs that when the American embassy in Jordan advertised for a secretary, radio stations ran the news on their bulletins. “The malls, markets and restaurants are empty,” says Samer Tawil, a former economy minister.

The people used to blame greedy ministers and corrupt officials for their misery—and looked to the king for remedies. Now when they protest, as they often do, they call out King Abdullah by name. “Prices are rocketing and Abdullah is playing poker,” runs one of their chants. “Jordan can’t handle the cost of its royal family,” says a sheikh from the Beni Hassan, the kingdom’s largest tribe. A widely-shared letter from a former minister, Amjad al-Majali, demanded the king “hunt the corrupt circle that is close to you”.

Anger is fiercest among the indigenous Bedouin, who dominate the security and intelligence services. Retired officers sign open letters stating that they no longer consider Abdullah and his Palestinian wife, Rania, their monarchs. Some threaten to take up arms. Amid reports of coup plots, the king removed his interior minister and intelligence chief. Their replacements immediately arrested tribal leaders—further inflaming tempers.

Some Bedouin sheikhs look to Prince Hamzah, the king’s half-brother, who was removed as heir apparent in 2004 to make way for the king’s son. Prince Hamzah’s rich Arabic lilt (acquired during a youth living with tribesmen) appeals to the Bedouin and contrasts with the king, who grew up speaking English. After years out of public view the prince is back in the media. “Only the intelligence services would authorise that,” says a politician. Calls for choosing a government by elections, not by royal decree, are growing too. Better to share power, perhaps, than risk losing it all. ◼

https://econ.st/2wGuoq4

[scullysflannel]

early-seasons brennan was super nonconformist and liberal in a way I’ve never really seen from any other female protagonist on a network drama, and early-seasons booth was mostly a really interesting deconstruction of “traditional” masculinity. but early-seasons bones was a fox drama created in the bush era and sometimes You Could Tell. whereas late-seasons bones softened brennan almost beyond recognition (she had kids despite saying she never wanted them, which Yes was mainly because emily deschanel’s pregnancies would have been hard to hide, but the show could have given brennan space to address how she’d changed her mind on kids and it mostly didn’t) and turned booth into a cartoon, but late-seasons bones also confronted its own early islamophobia and elevated its main muslim character to easily the most romantic man on the show. its patriotism shifted from wartime jingoism to support for vets. and women in the lab outnumbered men by a long shot by the end. it’s like bones’ ideals got better but its two main characters got worse.

bones really was all over the map politically wasn’t it!! that survey that was like “liberals and conservatives all like bones”….yeah that���s because it’s completely inconsistent

[jose-cafe]

http://www.reinagossett.com @Hbdmarsha ⚪⚪⚪⚪⚪⚪⚪⚪⚪⚪⚪⚪⚪ Queer & Gender Non conforming people are Muslims ⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕ Queer & Gender Non conforming are Black ⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕ Queer & Gender Non conforming navigating borders ⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕ Queer & Gender Non conforming need health care ⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕ Queer & Gender Non conforming are young people. ⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕⭕ Queer & Gender Non conforming are in Prisons. 🔹️🔹️🔹️🔹️🔹️🔹️🔹️🔹️🔹️🔹️🔹️🔹️🔹️ The movement must begin with those who are being impacted in multiple ways by interlocking systems that privilege some folks at the expense of others. #Listen #Unite #BlackLivesMatter #Queer #nonbinary #nonconformist #TransLivesMatter #gay #Message #Lgbtq #nonconforming

[nightcoremoon]

Spanish Inquisition "didn't happen" Trail of Tears "didn't happen" Salem Witch Trials "didn't happen" Armenian genocide "didn't happen" The Holocaust "didn't happen" Rwandan genocide "didn't happen" shut the fuck up "that didn't happen" remember that history is written by the victors and that Catholics have a long bloody history of colonialism, murder sprees of nonconformists, and covering up all the evil shit they've done with misinformation, crying "oppression", and scapegoating Jews and Muslims. religion is just another gateway for human evil, and human evil kills pagans for refusing to convert to christian. human evil is religious intolerance, it's smallpox blankets, it's violent misogyny, it's racism, & it's genocide. chasing the snakes out of Ireland was code for mass slaughter. there's no arguing this, you're a fucking moron with fingers in your ears.

[cerebral01]

It's hard to have tact, be diplomatic when your just honest.

Artistry - Jack Of All Trades: Master Of Some - Renaissance Man - Diamond In The Rough - Giver - Free Thinker - Philosopher - Nonconformist - Messenger - Practical - Idealist - Can Do - Detailed

#beliefsystem #hectorgastelum #freespeech #rightandwrong #intolerance #persecution #pointfingersdontknowownfaults #ignorance #liveinboxbubble #society #muslim #tv #multimedia #news #philosophy #philosopher #freethinkers #freethinker #perspective #myperspective #mythoughts #wisethinker #gemini #wit #movie #video #teacherofwisdomknowledge #training #train #skillsets #skillset #skills #skill #learn #guru #jackofalltrades #jackofalltradesmasterofsome #selfishpeopledontteach #commoncourtesy #real #logic #logical #honest #Truth #Truthseekers #intelligent #criticalobjectiveintellectualanalysis #creditwherecreditisdue #equality #pruderudecrudedudes #criticalanalysis #intellectualanalysis #wisethinker #criticalthinking #critical thinking #rightandwrong #intelligence #cerebral #critical #thoughtful #intellectual #empathetic #logical #analytical #analysis #freethinker #freethinkers #nonconformist #points #thoughtless #unaware #inconsiderate #nohaters #cellphone #cellphoneisoneofgreatestcommunicationtools #youwantequalityshowit #wantequalityshowit #hypocrites #undividedattention #peopledismisspeople #shortwithpeople #inahurrytogonowhere #peopleinahurry #takeabreak #stopandsmelltheroses #practicewhatyoupreach #stateofsociety #wordsofwisdom #amessenger #sage #emotionalpeoplearethoughtfulpeople #lackofempathy #deepempathy #empathy #judge #humble #politicallycorrect #politicalcorrectness #entitled #actingentitled #pettypruderudecrudedudes #petty #errorofyourways #noseupintheair #perceptionisnotreality #truthisreality #agedoesnotmeanoneiswiser #age #ignorant #moreignorant #closedminded #moreclosedminded #dimwitted #meddlesomepeople #meddlesome #meddle #interfere #impediment #hindrance #idiosyncrasy #policies #noprotocals #protocals #norules #rules #peoplecannotdiscernrightandwrong #peoplecannotdiscern #indigos #indigioadults #lightworkers

My critical, intellectual, thoughtful, empathetic, objective analysis from a free thinker.

As always my logical, intellectual, wise, objective take on topics based on the TRUTH, right and wrong, fairness, being methodical more or less.

Tags

wisegemini cerebral01 free your mind and mentality fymm philosophy talk radio talk show wisdom artistry jack of all trades master of some renaissance man diamond in the rough giver free thinker philosopher nonconformist messenger practical idealist can do detailed vlog edition nothing more nothing less music lyrics call it out havent lied star seed indigo indigo adult light workers lightworkers truth

""Email, instant messenger and typing impersonalizes effective communication between people. You do not see their face, you do not know there mannerisms, the sound or tone of their voice. It is substandard com -

"Uniqueness should be mainly embraced, not rediculed and ragged on." - wisegemini

"Hell, there are no rules here, we are trying to accomplish something." - Thomas Edison

"Rules are flawed, as flawed as the people and ignorant fools that make them." - wisegemini

"Great spirits have always encountered violent opposition from mediocre minds" - Albert Einstein

"If the truth hurts you, then we live in a pretty sorry world" - Jesse Ventura

"A party is like a religion, it straight jackets your mind." - Jack Kevorkian

"Religious people try to impose their ignorant close minded, misguided, foolish flawed morality on others, not knowing any better, nothing more nothing less." - wisegemini

"Political correctness is just tyranny with manners." - Charlton Heston

"Let's face it, who here, which of you here, can say what you really believe? Who here doesn't edit your words and cleanse your thoughts to mollify the reactionaries? - Charlton Heston

"Popularity is history's pocket change, courage is history's true currency" - Charlton Heston

"Nothing in all the world is more dangerous than sincere ignorance and conscientious stupidity." - Martin Luther King Jr.

"Never judge / criticize a person until you walk a mile in their shoes" - Native American Quotation

"All the big powers they've silenced me. So much for free speech and choice on this fundamental human right." - Jack Kevorkian

"You got every right in the world to do and say what you want, as long as you don't harm or threaten anybody or any property" - Jack Kevorkian

"Arrogance diminishes wisdom" - Arabian Proverb

"Examine what is said, not who speaks." - Arabian Proverb

"A wise man changes his mind, a fool never" - Spanish Proverb

"Human history is the sad result of each one looking out for himself." - Julio Cortazar

"People want to attempt to sound sophisticated and smart when they sound smug and petty." - wisegemini

[dry-valleys]

“This is the most interesting place in the world to a Birmingham man” Radical Joe Chamberlain, permanent resident at Key Hill.

At Key Hill (1-6) and Warstone Lane(7-10), twin cemeteries and Grade II listed sites incongruously sited in the middle of the Jewellry Quarter, Birmingham.

Lack of space at traditional burial grounds in churchyards such as Saint Phil’s, and the growth in the nonconformist population who preferred to avoid Anglican cemeteries (or were forbidden to bury their dead there!) led to the establishment of the Birmingham General Cemetery in 1832, which soon became the resting place of mainly nonconformist citizens, later renamed Key Hill (1-6).

So many pioneers of industry and science are buried here that EH Manning deemed it “the Westminster Abbey of the Midlands”!

In 1848 the Anglicans realised they could no longer rely on Saint Phil’s and parish churchyards, especially in the age of cholera, and so constructed their own cemetery, very nearby, in a disused quarry at Warstone Lane (7-10).

What I find most fascinating is the use of (1,2,9) catacombs; as the issue of space clearly hadn’t gone away given how small these plots are, there began the custom of burying several generations of a family in catacombs which are built into the hillside; that at Warstone is three stories high.During wartime these were used as air raid shelters and temporary homes for people whose permanent residence had been bombed.

Speaking of which, there are (6,10) many war graves here; 46 at Key Hill and 64 at Warstone Lane, though these are among the last to be buried here; both are long since closed to new burials (officially closed in 1982 though both had barely been used in decades), which makes them interesting memorials of two civilisations that now seem to have more in common with each other, though they were bitter rivals at the time, than either has with 21st-century life.

They thus had little of the influx of Catholics, then Muslims, that makes a place like Handsworth (opened 1909 and still extant) so different; this, and their small space, has kept them sealed off, despite being a stone’s throw from Jewellery Quarter station. Those who are commuting there today won’t literally end up here, but might benefit from a visit to remind them that their bustling isn’t all there is to the Jewellery Quarter or to themselves!

[americanmuslimtoday]

American muslim today

Muslims are the fastest-growing religious group in the world. Here are answers to some key questions about their public opinions, Growing muslim philanthropy Ramadan, Metro area Muslims give back for Ramadan, Growing muslim philanthropy,demographics and more.

.The University Muslim Medical Association, for instance, is a free social insurance facility in Los Angeles established in 1992 by American Muslim undergrads at UCLA and Charles Drew University to serve a differing downtown network. The Inner City Muslim Action Network (IMAN) is a network based non-benefit shaped in 1995 by American Muslim understudies, network occupants and pioneers to address downtown neediness and surrender in the more prominent Chicago territory. IMAN conveys a wide scope of administrations, including a wellbeing facility giving free social insurance and backing administrations to the uninsured populace on Chicago's Southwest Side.

Numerous other American Muslim establishments are effectively occupied with magnanimous giving, instructive projects, interfaith effort, human services, community commitment, legislative issues and the media. So, American Muslims and the associations they make are a piece of the texture of American open life. American muslim today, First Muslim American state, First Muslim Chaplain, New York City Muslims work, Muslims give back, Muslims Resolved To Give Back, Muslim mental wellness, Growing muslim philanthropy Ramadan, Metro area Muslims give back for Ramadan, Growing muslim philanthropy, News about Muslim Americans, latest news on American Muslims, Muslim Americans news, News on American Muslims, Islam in the United States, American Muslims in the United States, American muslim today news, American Islam news today, Islamic news in america, News About Islam in America, American breaking news on islam, American breaking news on Muslims, American news on Muslims, American live on Muslims, Muslim news in america today

1. Is Islam a political development?

No. Islam is a strict custom, and followers to Islam are called Muslim. Obviously, American Muslims, similar to Americans from different strict gatherings, partake in American political life. American Muslim democratic examples by and large mirror the more extensive American populace. American Muslims are Republicans, Democrats, Libertarians, nonconformists and preservationists. There is nobody political stage or plan for the individuals who practice the religion of Islam in the United States.

11. Have American Muslim pioneers taken a stand in opposition to fanatic savagery?

Truly. Numerous American Muslim pioneers and associations have over and again impugned radical savagery in the most grounded potential terms. Of the numerous announcements and activities taken by American Muslims to denounce and counter fear mongering, the fatwa (strict decision) from the Fiqh Council of North America (an Islamic juristic body) catches the perspectives on by far most of American Muslims: "Islam carefully denounces strict radicalism and the utilization of viciousness against honest lives. There is no defense in Islam for fanaticism or fear mongering." The Fiqh Council of North America's announcement attests the accompanying Islamic standards:

"[1] All demonstrations of fear based oppression, including those focusing on the life and property of regular citizens, regardless of whether executed by self-destructive or some other type of assaults, are haram (illegal) in Islam.

[2] It is haram (illegal) for a Muslim to help out any individual or gathering that is associated with any demonstration of psychological oppression or denied brutality.

[3] It is the community and strict obligation of Muslims to embrace full measures to ensure the lives all things considered, and guarantee the security and prosperity of individual residents."

A thorough assortment of judgments of psychological oppression and fanaticism by American Muslims, including philosophical contentions, might be found on The American Muslim, a distribution that has been giving data about the American Muslim people group since 1998. www.theamericanmuslim.org

2. Is Islam a political development?

No. Islam is a strict custom, and disciples to Islam are called Muslim. Obviously, American Muslims, similar to Americans from different strict gatherings, take an interest in American political life. American Muslim democratic examples by and large mirror the more extensive American populace. American Muslims are Republicans, Democrats, Libertarians, dissidents and moderates. There is nobody political stage or plan for the individuals who practice the religion of Islam in the United States.

3. Have American Muslim pioneers taken a stand in opposition to fanatic viciousness?

Truly. Numerous American Muslim pioneers and associations have consistently reviled radical viciousness in the most grounded potential terms. Of the numerous announcements and activities taken by American Muslims to censure and counter fear based oppression, the fatwa (strict decision) from the Fiqh Council of North America (an Islamic juristic body) catches the perspectives on by far most of American Muslims: "Islam carefully denounces strict radicalism and the utilization of viciousness against blameless lives. There is no avocation in Islam for fanaticism or psychological warfare.

Islam carefully denounces strict radicalism and the utilization of viciousness against blameless lives. There is no avocation in Islam for fanaticism or psychological warfare." The Fiqh Council of North America's announcement asserts the accompanying Islamic standards:

"[1] All demonstrations of psychological warfare, including those focusing on the life and property of regular folks, regardless of whether executed by self-destructive or some other type of assaults, are haram (illegal) in Islam.

[2] It is haram (taboo) for a Muslim to help out any individual or gathering that is engaged with any demonstration of fear based oppression or precluded brutality.

[3] It is the city and strict obligation of Muslims to embrace full measures to secure the lives all things considered, and guarantee the security and prosperity of individual residents."

A complete assortment of judgments of psychological oppression and radicalism by American Muslims, including philosophical contentions, might be found on The American Muslim, a distribution that has been giving data about the American Muslim people group since 1998. https://americanmuslimtoday.com/

[himanshu12563]

Her name is Rana Ayyub, one of the secular(sic) writers who is adored by a large number of nonconformists for her enemy of hindu and ace muslim position

[marymosley]

EXODUS OF KASHMIRI HINDUS

Abstract

The current research paper plans to comprehend the dark year or the time of 1990 of India in which the “EXODUS OF KASHMIRI HINDUS” occurred. The Hindus of Kashmir valley (hereinafter called the Valley) had to leave the Valley because of being focused by the JKLF (JAMMU AND KASHMIR LIBRATION FRONT) and the Insurgents. The Kashmiri Hindus structure a vital also, most established piece of the valley, consequently, when in 1990 they were startlingly and abruptly drove away from their genealogical homes and properties it was a profound established stun for the whole country. Numerous negotiators brought up issues over the explanations behind the persuasive and terrible departure of the Hindu people group from the Valley, however a certain something was evident that this mass migration was not a simple collective uproar among Hindus and Muslims as had occurred in different pieces of India a few times. The mass migration of Hindus from the Valley had a political foundation and a plan to spread fear mongering and to make a situation that underpins the Pakistani based motivation in the valley, the results of which were endured by the minority network in the Valley.

Keywords: Kashmir, Exodus, Kashmiri Hindus, Militants, JKLF, Riots

INTRODUCTION

Verifiably, Kashmir alluded to the Kashmir valley,[1] anyway at present time it frames a bigger region that incorporates the Indian regulated Union Territories of Jammu and Kashmir (which incorporates Jammu and the Kashmir Valley) and Ladakh, the Pakistan directed locales of Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract. In the principal half of the main thousand years the Kashmir area turned into a significant focal point of Hinduism and later Buddhism; further in the nineteenth century Shaivism emerged. Islamization showed up in Kashmir in the thirteenth to fifteenth century and prompted the inevitable eradicating of Kashmir Shaivism in the Valley.

Anyway, the foundations of the past network were not lost.

            In 1339, Shah Mir turned into the absolute first Muslim leader of the Valley and built up the principal Shah Mir Dynasty. The Kashmir valley was affected by the Muslim rulers for the following five centuries. This incorporated the Mughal Empire, whose rule was from 1586 until 1751 and the Afghan Durrani Empire which had its capacity on Kashmir from 1747 until 1819. That year, Sikhs under the authority of Ranjit Singh caught Kashmir. After the destruction of Sikhs in 1846 in the first Anglo – Sikh war, the bargain of Lahore was marked and the Valley was purchased from the British guideline under the settlement of Amritsar. The standard of Kashmir was given over to Raja Gulab Singh. The standard of his devotees endured up to 1947 when the previous royal state turned into the region that is currently controlled by three nations: India, Pakistan, and the People’s Republic of China.

  OBJECTIVES

To comprehend the historical backdrop of Kashmir;

To comprehend the historical backdrop of Kashmiri Hindus;

To find out about the historical backdrop of the start of Muslim standard and impact in the Valley;

To find out about the mass migration of Kashmiri Hindus from the Valley and the political plan behind it;

To find out about the outcome of the mass migration of Kashmiri Hindus from the Valley;

To infer an end out of this entire research about the mass migration of Kashmiri

HISTORY OF KASHMIRI HINDUS

            The Kashmiri Pandits or the Kashmiri Bhramins are an area of Kashmiri Hindus and an armore extensive Saraswit Brahmin people group. They are individuals from the Pancha (five) gauda brahmin bunch in the Kashmir Valley.[2] Kashmiri Pandits were occupants of the valley path before the Muslim wave entered the valley and a significant number of them had to change over into Islam by the Islamic Intruders every once in a while. They are the main tribal network of Kashmiri Hindus who had been left in the valley. The Hindu position framework in the valley had aroused from the idea of Buddhism from the course of events of Asoka. Another eminent component of this network was the high respect that they had for the ladies of their locale when contrasted with the other networks or social orders. It was not until the fourteenth century that the Muslim impact was at last settled in the Valley.

            In the time of 1320, Zulju, who was a Mongol from Turkistan, caused annihilation at the point when he drove a power that caught numerous segments of the Kashmir valley. From 1389 to 1413 another Intruder to be specific Sikandar Butshikan (1389-1413) was increasingly boorish and his activities were progressively terrible as he constrained numerous Kashmiri Hindus to either change over to Islam or to escape from the valley. He was likewise responsible for the destruction of numerous non-Muslim strict locales in the Valley. He had been named as a nonconformist in the History for a similar explanation.

            After the rule of Sikandar Butshikan the Kashmir was controlled by Zain-Ul-Abidin who was a devout Muslim ruler and who needed that all the networks in the Valley remain together. During the rule of Zain-Ul-Abidin the Buddhists and Brahmins shaped piece of his nearby associate.

            In the fourteenth century Islam turned into the ordering religion in the Valley. By the mid sixteenth century the job of Hindu clerics had diminished as Muslim evangelist moved into Kashmir from Central Persia, and Asia and Persian Supplanted Sanskrit as the official language.3Kashmir saw the Mughal rule under the rule of the Mughal Badshah, Akbar, who happened upon the valley himself and vanquished it by double dealing.

            Strict dogmatism and prejudice tax collection showed up when Mughal ruler Aurangzeb climbed the seat after Akbar. After the demise of Aurangzeb, the impact of the Mughal Empire decreased in the valley.

            Kashmir was governed by Muslims for around four centuries before it was gotten by the triumphant multitudes of the Sikhs under Ranjit Singh of Punjab.[3] After the passing of Ranjit Deo, the lord of Jammu , in 1780 , Jammu was likewise caught by the Sikhs. Ranjit Doe’s grandson Gulab Singh turned into the ruler of Jammu and Kashmir after the settlement of Amritsar was written and he was liberated from the dedication towards the Sikhs. After the death of Gulab Singh, his child, Ranbir Singh assumed control over the seat.

            Regardless of framing a significant piece of the Valley, the Muslims were struggled under the Hindu standard through raising duties, unpaid constrained work, and extremism laws. The Muslims didn’t have legitimate cognizance about the adjustments in the standards and were ceaselessly in arrear to landowners and moneylenders. The up and coming year of the 1930s saw Muslims gathering themselves strategically.

            Ranbir Singh’s grandson, Hari Singh, who was the ruler in the year 1947, saw the division of the Indian domain into the recently autonomous Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan. Leaders of Princely states were spurred to join their states to either Dominion India or Dominion Pakistan.

            To avoid any arbitrary end, the Maharaja of Kashmir, Hari Singh, wrote a Standstill Agreement with Pakistan anyway no such accord was written with India. Following tremendous commotion in Jammu, in October 1947, Pashtuns from Pakistan’s northwest area interfered Kashmir. The outward point of the guerilla battle was to frighten the King into yielding; be that as it may, the Maharaja genuinely approached the Indian government for help.

            The guide was given to the Maharaja relying on the prerequisite that he shapes a piece of India. Maharaja Hari Singh consented to the condition and The Instrument of Accession was marked by him.[4] The Indian warriors entered Kashmir and drove the Pakistani-supported paramilitary out from the Valley.

            Kashmir pioneer Sheik Abdullah approved the promotion as specially appointed which would be at last finished up by the individuals of the state. He was designated as the pioneer of the crisis the board by the Maharaja.[5]

            In 1947 Kashmiri Pandits framed about 6% of the populace however in 1950 it decreased to 5% the same number of them moved to different pieces of India. In 1989, a large portion of Kashmiri Pandits that were living in the Valley had to leave the valley because of the activist revolt.

            Kashmir has likewise been known as the place where there is Sun Worship with different sanctuaries been made by the enthusiasts. One such sanctuary is the sanctuary of Martand Sun. Wanvun singing structures an important some portion of Kashmiri Pundit’s strict capacities.

            The Kashmiri Pandits celebrations incorporate Shivratri and the Navrah or the Kashmiri Lunar New Year. Henzae is an antiquated type of singing practiced by Kashmiri Pandits during the event of their celebrations.

POLITICAL UPTURNINGS IN THE VALLEY

            According to the 1975 accord, Sheik Abdullah agreed to acknowledge the guidelines as given in the understanding.[6] Be that as it may, this prompted extraordinary inadequacy among the individuals of the Kashmir and drove the base work for the future rebellion.[7] The individuals who were against to it included Jammat-e-Islami Kashmir, People’s alliance in Indian Jammu and Kashmir and the JKLF in the Azaad Kashmir.[8] Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligences attempted to run a flood of Wuhabism instead of Sufism to bind together the two countries dependent on religion. This was only the beginning of the 1990s, during the mid-90s genuine Islamisation started when the Abdullah government took a choice to change the names of around 2500 towns from their antiquated names to new Islamic names. Furthermore, Sheik additionally began giving strict talks instead of love and begun marking Kashmiri Pandits as “mukhbir” or witnesses of the Indian government.[9]

            The ISI’s initial step to make unsettling influence in the Valley against the Indian government begun developing in the late 1980s. The Afghan Jihaad in against the soviet, the Islamic unrest in Iran, and the outfitted battle of the Sikhs in Punjab against the Indian government turned into a wellspring of motivation for the youthful Muslims in the Valley to go against the Indian government.

            The year 1984 saw a colossal development in the non-military personnel exercises in the valley, when the professional – JKLF aggressor Maqbool Bhat was executed in February 1984, the valley experienced tremendous mayhem by the Kashmiri patriot adolescents, who went in streets to show their enemy of Indian exhibit., which confronted extreme reprisal by the Indian government.

            The then Chief Minister Farooq Abdullah has been upbraided in light of the fact that he made a visit to the Pakistan Administered Kashmir which was a colossal humiliation for the country, anyway he had protected himself on the words that he had made the visit in the interest of Ms. Indira Gandhi and her father with the goal that the assessments there could be known “direct’’, however not many individuals trusted him. He had additionally been considered responsible for the remittance of Khalistan psychological oppressor gathering to prepare in the Jammu region yet this couldn’t be upheld up by the sources. After his brother by marriage was an excused in what was named as ‘political upset’, G.M Shah had his spot. G. M Shah’s administration didn’t have individuals’ endorsement so they went to individuals who adversaries of India, especially, the Molvi Iftikhar Hussain Ansari, Mohammad Shafi Qureshi and Mohinuddin Salati, to increase some authenticity through strict convictions.

            In 1986, Shah chose to fabricate a mosque on the grounds of an old Hindu sanctuary for the individuals to do ‘namaz’. This was met with incredible antagonistic vibe among the individuals of Jammu as they took to lanes to show their threatening vibe. Numerous occasions were detailed in different parts where the Kashmiri Hindus were murdered and their properties what’s more, sanctuaries annihilated. Shah’s legislature was excused on twelfth March 1996 by the then senator Jagmohan following collective commotion in south Kashmir.

            The Islamists had composed themselves under a feature named MUSLIM UNTIED FRONT and challenged the 1987 races where they lost once more. Be that as it may, the 1987 races were accepted to be fixed in order to unite common gatherings in the front line in Kashmir and this caused the insurrection in Kashmir.

  INSURGENCY ACTIVITIES IN THE VALLEY

            In July 1988, the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) started a nonconformist revolt for Independence of Kashmir from India. They initially had targeted on a Kashmiri Hindu, Tika Lal Taploo, a Bhartiya Janata Party laborer, before a few people in the Valley. This imparted dread in the individuals since the enemies of Taploo were never caught.[10]

            After Taploo’s demise, an appointed authority of Srinagar High Court, Nilkanth Ganjoo was shot to death. In December 1989, individuals from JKLF kidnapped Dr. Rubaiya Sayeed, little girl of the then Union Minister Mufti Mohammad Sayeed requesting the release of five aggressors, which was along these lines fulfilled.[11]

            Workplaces structures, shops, production lines and foundations were hued green as a sign of Islamist rule. The dividers were secured with banners that contained undermining messages from the aggressors. Different properties of Kashmiri Hindus were decimated by the aggressors. The places of Kashmiri Hindus were secured with compromising banners to leave the valley right away. A power outage occurred the evening of nineteenth and eighteenth January in the Valley. The power was removed aside from in the mosques which communicated a provocative message to the Kashmiri Hindus.[12]

            On 2 February, 1990, Satish Tikoo, a social laborer was murdered. Lassa Kaul, station executive of Srinagar Doordarshan was shot dead on thirteenth February 1990. Numerous Kashmiri ladies were grabbed and killed.

AFTERMATH

            After departure the militancy expanded in Kashmir. The properties of Kashmiri Hindus were focused after their departure. The day of fourteenth September 2007, was set apart as the Martyrs day by the Oregon Legislative Assembly to perceive the crusades of dread dispensed on the non-Muslim minorities of Jammu and Kashmir by activists. Kashmiri Hindus proceed with their battle to return to their home, a large portion of them lost their properties after their mass migration and many can’t return and sell those. Their status has changed to uprooted individuals and this has influenced them in the field of training. They can’t send their youngsters to reputed schools.

            Anyway, later the Indian government took the matter of training in their grasp and helped them to look for instruction by getting them selected Kendriya Vidyalayas and major instructive establishments and colleges the nation over. An overview was done by the Kashmir Pandit Sangharsh Samiti (KPSS) in 2008 and 2009, a neighborhood association of Hindus in the valley, which expressed that around 399 Kashmiri Hindus were murdered by radicals in the Valley. A political gathering to be specific Panun Kashmir, speaking to the Hindus who fled the Valley expresses a rundown of around 1,341 Hindus murdered since 1990.

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

            After all this while the Kashmiri Hindus are still interspersed in their own country like immigrants. Many of them are still not able to overcome the grief of losing their ancestral home and properties of their lifelong hard-work. Their lives had turned catastrophic after the exodus. They still have hopes of returning to their home, to their land, and living their life like once they lived. The communal exodus that took place had a political agenda behind it which turned the innocent lives of Kashmiri Hindus upside down. Even though the government has made efforts of sending the Kashmiri Hindus back to their homeland and have also provided monetary and educational help to them, they still feel threatened and vulnerable. The Kashmiri Hindus are living like a displaced community in different parts of their own country with the hope to see their homeland once more. Their condition is irrevocable, but with support from the government, their dream of going back to the Valley one more time can be achieved. With this thought in their hearts, the Kashmiri Hindus still wait for the light at the end of this dark tunnel that they have been thrown into.

REFERENCES

Waldman, Amy (25 March 2003). “Kashmir Massacre May Signal the Coming of Widespread Violence”. The New York Times.

Warikoo, K., ed. (2010). Religion and Security in South and Central Asia.

p. 78.

“The Exodus of Kashmiri Pandits”. European Foundation for South Asian

Praveen Swami; India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: ”The Covert War in Kashmir” , 1947–2004 2007 , p.157.

Kaw, M. K. (2001). “Kashmiri Pandits: Looking to the Future.” APH Publishing.,

Tikoo, Colonel Tej K. Kashmir: Its Aborigines and Their Exodus. Lancer Publishers LLC.

Jagmohan (2006). My FrozenTturbulence in Kashmir (7th Ed.). Allied Publishers. p. 363.

[1] Christopher Snedden (15 September 2015) Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris.

[2] Kashmir and its people: Studies in the evolution of Kashmiri society.

[3] Hasan, Mohibbul (2005). Kashmir under the sultans.

[4] Govt. Of India, White Paper On Jammu and Kashmir, Delhi, 1948, p.77.

[5] Sheikh Abdullah, Flames of the Chinar, New Delhi 1993, p.97.

[6] Hussain, Kashmiri Visions of Freedom 2015, pp.102, 103.

[7] Faheem, Interrogating the ordinary 2018, pp 233, 234.

[8] Chowdhury, Rekha (2015). Jammu and Kashmir: Politics of identity and separatism.

[9] “Kashmir violence-possible solution’ The Shillong Times.

[10] Warikoo, K, ed. (2010). Religion and security in south and central Asia.

[11] Praveen Swami; India, Pakistan and the secret Jihad: The Covert War in Kashmir, 1947 – 2004, 2007.

[12] Schofield, Victoria (2000). Kashmir in conflict: India, Pakistan and the unending war.

  Authored By: APOORVA CHAUDHARY

Student of Law, Amity Law School, Noida, Amity University Uttar Pradesh

  Disclaimer: This article has been published in Legal Desire International Journal on Law, ISSN 2347-3525 , Issue 22, Vol 7

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